1902

February

Bardales B. 1980: "[Fue] constituido legalmente el Partido Nacional el 27 de febrero de 1902" (page 29).

Sullivan 1995: "The PNH was formed in 1902 by Manuel Bonilla as a splinter group of the PLH. Between 1902 and 1948, these two parties were the only officially recognized parties, a factor that laid the foundation for the currently entrenched PNH (red) and PLH (blue) two-party system" (page 174).

October: Presidential election (Bonilla)

Bardales B. 1980: Gives the details of the campaign, the election, and the aftermath and gives the number of votes received by each candidate (pages 29-32).

Durón 1982: Popular elections result in the victory of General Manuel Bonilla, with Juan Angel Arias second, and Marco Aurelio Soto third (page 194). Sierra refuses to give up the presidency, resulting in a battle for the presidency. Congress is called into session, and elects Arias president. Sierra threatens to overthrow Arias, but is himself overthrown by Bonilla who advances on Tegucigalpa and imprisons Arias. The Congress that elected Arias is declared unconstitutional and Bonilla is declared president (page 195). Gives total votes and votes for each candidate.

Zúñiga Huete 1987: "Uno de los irregulares cómputos de la elección señaló las siguientes cifras: 28.550 votos, para el General Bonilla; 25.118, para el Dr. Arias; y 4.857, para el Dr. Soto, cantidades que no aportaban mayoría absoluta de sufragios para ninguno de los concurrentes del torneo electoral" (volume 2 page 88).

1903

Haggerty and Millet 1995: "Sierra's efforts to perpetuate himself in office led to his overthrow in 1903 by General Manuel Bonilla, who proved to be an even greater friend of the banana companies that Sierra had been...Conservative Manuel Bonilla was an opponent rather than a relative or friend of Sierra's liberal predecessor, Policarpo Bonilla. During Manuel Bonilla's term in office, he imprisoned ex-president Policarpo Bonilla for over two years and took other steps to suppress his political opposition, the liberals, who were the only group with an organized political party....Manuel Bonilla made some efforts to reorganize the conservatives into a 'national party.' The present-day National Party of Honduras traces its origins to his administration" (page 19).

LaFeber 1993: "Suffering through three different administrations in 1903 alone, Honduras had become a political revolving door even as it was becoming the site of extensive U.S. investments" (page 41).

1904

Durón 1982: Constituent assembly changes presidential term to six years without immediate reelection and in September names Bonilla president (page 196).

1906

Haggerty and Millet 1995: In 1906 Bonilla resists an invasion from Guatemala and signs a friendship pact with Guatemala and El Salvador that is seen as an anti-Nicaraguan alliance by Nicaragua (page 20).

1907

Lapper 1985: "The U.S. banana merchant, Sam Zemurray, forms the Cuyamel Fruit Company" (page 4).

March

Durón 1982: Bonilla is overthrown March 25 (page 198). Vice-president General Dávila is declared president.

Haggerty and Millet 1995: President Zelaya of Nicaragua supports exiled Honduran liberals who invade Honduras in February 1907 and establish a provisional junta (page 20). "By 1907 the United States looked with considerable disfavor on the role Zelaya of Nicaragua was playing in regional affairs. When the Nicaraguan army entered Honduras in 1907 to overthrow Manuel Bonilla, the United States government, believing that Zelaya wanted to dominate the entire region, landed marines at Puerto Cortés to protect the North American banana trade."

December

Haggerty and Millet 1995: "(T)he United States, alarmed by the threat of renewed conflict in Central America, called the five Central American presidents to a conference in Washington in November...The five presidents signed the General Treaty of Peace and Amity of 1907...Of special interest was a United States-sponsored clause that provided for the permanent neutrality of Honduras in any future Central American conflicts" (page 21).

1908

Durón 1982: Constituent assembly is convened and Dávila is declared constitutional president (page 198).

1910

Anderson 1988: "Zemurray himself [Cuyamel Fruit Company director] overthrew President Miguel Dávila in 1910 and replaced him with the more responsive Manuel Bonilla" (page 128).

Haggerty and Millet 1995: "Like his predecessor, Dávila encouraged the activities of the banana companies. The companies, however, were less than totally happy with him, viewing his administration as ineffective. In addition, rivalry among the companies became a factor in Honduran politics" (page 21).

Morris 1982: "(T)he leader of Cuyamel was fully involved in presidential politics, especially the revolt that placed Manuel Bonilla into the presidency (1912-1913)" (page 5).

Schooley 1987: "Dávila provoked US antagonism by trying to halt the indiscriminate concessions of land, and in 1910 a US citizen, Sam Zemurray (accompanied by some US mercenaries) invaded Honduras and replaced Dávila by the more pliant Manuel Bonilla; Zemurray himself later became C-in-C of the Honduran army and managing director of UFCO in 1933" (page 34).

1911

Dunkerley 1988: "The central factor in Dávila's fall was not the landing of Bonilla's force of adepts and mercenaries at La Ceiba but pressure on the regime from Washington. Both the State Department and the US banker J.P. Morgan insisted that the Dávila government sign a treaty passing control of the national customs to Morgan's agents" (page 37).

Durón 1982: Under pressure from the United States, which is supporting General Bonilla's attempts to overthrow the government, Dávila tenders his resignation March 28^th (page 200).

Wright 1960: "In 1911, four years after the ousting of Bonilla, the ex-president launched a counterrevolution against his successor, Dávila. The [U.S.] Department of State sent Thomas Dawson...who...named a provisional president and procured a promise 'to guarantee absolute liberty to all political parties and to Hondurans in general in the approaching elections.' The ineffectiveness of the compact is indicated by the fact that Bonilla was the only candidate in the election" (pages 213-214).

October: Presidential election (Bonilla / PN)

Bardales B. 1980: "Las elecciones tuvieron lugar el 29, 30 y 31 de octubre de 1911, obteniendo la victoria la fórmula Bonilla-Bográn...Como el Dr. Bográn no aceptó la Vice-Presidencia, se reitió la elección y en ésta ganó el Dr. Francisco Bertrand" (pages 32-33).

Durón 1982: Congress declares election of Bonilla (page 201).

Munro 1967: "Bonilla was made president by an almost unanimous vote" (page 124).

1912

Lapper 1985: "The Trujillo Railroad Company wins a contract to build a railway, marking the beginning of United Fruit's involvement in Honduras" (page 4).

1913

Durón 1982: Bonilla dies of natural causes March 21, and is succeeded by his vice president, Francisco Bertrand (page 201).

1915

Presidential election (Bertrand / PN)

Durón 1982: Bertrand resigns the presidency in July to run for president, passing the power to Alberto Membreño (page 201). Bertrand is elected president "por haber obtenido en una base de 77,832 votos, la casi totalidad de sufragios" (page 202).

Wright 1960: "In 1915, Bonilla's successor, Francisco Bertrand, got around the constitutional prohibition against reelection by resigning in favor of the vice president three months before the balloting. His election also was uncontested" (page 214).

Zúñiga Huete 1987: "Los comicios de octubre de 1915 produjeron una votación de 77,832 votos, casi unánimemente pronunciados en favor del candidato oficial, que no tuvo contrincante por no haberse tolerado la oposición y porque el espíritu público se encontró fatigado después de una série de trastornos" (volume 2 page 114).

1916

Morris 1984a: "Dissidents and more conservative Liberals eventually grew tired of internal party struggles and moved to organize the National Party of Honduras (PNH) in 1916" (page 197).

Ropp 1974: The National Party was founded in 1916 in reaction to Bertrand's reelection (page 505).

1917

Haggerty and Millet 1995: "The development of the banana industry contributed to the beginnings of organized labor movements in Honduras and to the first major strikes in the nation's history. The first of these occurred in 1917 against the Cuyamel Fruit Company. The strike was suppressed by the Honduran military, but the following year additional labor disturbances occurred at the Standard Fruit Company's holding in La Ceiba" (page 23).

1919

Wright 1960: "It became apparent as the quadrennial election approached in Honduras that President Bertrand was determined to impose the unconstitutional election of his wife's brother-in-law on the country....He declared himself dictator and tried to intimidate the opposition, thereby provoking a revolution. Both opposition candidates asked for American aid in the form of a threat of nonrecognition or the sending of troops" (page 214).

April: Presidential election (Soriano)

Taracena Arriola 1994: "(A)ntes de que concluyera [Bertrand] su mandato presidencial, el intento de imponer en el poder a Nazario Soriano, su cuñado, se tradujo en el estallido de una nueva guerra civil. Las elecciones se habían realizado en abril de 1919, resultando electo Soriano... Ello dio inicio a la denominada Revolución del 19, cuya devastadora guerra provocó la intervención del embajador norteamericano Sambona Jones, quien exigió a Bertrand su renuncia. El Congreso designó como presidente provisional al doctor Francisco Bográn (1919-1920) quien llamó a elecciones" (page 212).

October: Presidential election (López Gutiérrez / PL)

Bardales B. 1980: Gives the details of the campaign and the elections and gives the votes for each candidate (pages 33-37).

Durón 1982: Bertrand tries to extend his term of office through a variety of ruses, resulting in attacks on his government that lead to his resignation on September 9 (page 205). Elections take place in October and General Rafael López Gutiérrez wins (page 206). Gives the total votes, votes for top two presidential candidates, and votes for top two vice presidential candidates.

Haggerty and Millet 1995: "López Gutiérrez won easily in a manipulated election" (page 24).

Posas 1983: "En las elecciones presidenciales de octubre de 1919, sin ninguna oposición política, triunfa el general Rafael López Gutiérrez (excomandante de armas y gobernador político de Tegucigalpa)" (page 84).

1920

Haggerty and Millet 1995: "In 1920 a general strike hit the Caribbean coast. In response, a United States warship was dispatched to the area, and the Honduran government began arresting leaders" (page 23). "From 1920 through 1923, seventeen uprisings or attempted coups in Honduras contributed to growing United States concern over political instability in Central America" (page 25).

1922

Mariñas Otero 1990: "En las elecciones para autoridades locales de 1922 fue clara la intervención gubernativa, creando gran malestar en los círculos políticos hondureños" (page 449).

1923

October 27-29: Presidential election

Argueta 1989: "En efecto, al celebrarse los comicios del 27 al 30 de octubre, los resultados oficiales fueron: Carías 49.953, Bonilla 35.474 y Arias 20.839 votos respectivamente" (page 24). "(D)e acuerdo con los votos emitidos una mayoría absoluta lo constituía 53.134 votos" (page 25).

Bardales B. 1980: Gives the details and results of the election and the events which followed it (pages 37-41).

Bulmer-Thomas 1991: "The presidential elections of 1923 had produced a three-way split with no candidate securing an outright majority" (page 194).

Dunkerley 1988: "In the presidential elections of 1923 UFCO had patronized the candidacy of the National Party's General Tiburcio Carías Andino, who had won the greatest number of votes against a Liberal opposition divided between two candidates. However, the Liberals as a party maintained their control of congress and reunified to block their opponent's assumption of office. Carías then no less characteristically dclared himself in revolt" (page 67).

Mariñas Otero 1990: Gives total number of votes, votes for top three presidential candidates, and assembly members supporting each candidate (page 450).

Martz 1959: "Carías...won with a clear plurality, but due to the participation of minor candidates, failed to win 50 percent of the total vote. The final count gave him 49,453 to Bonilla's 35,474. Needing an absolute majority of 53,134, Carías was therefore 3,681 short of the necessary total. The Liberals refused to attend congressional meetings, blocking the quorum necessary to take action" (page 116).

Morris 1984: Carías "failed to gain the required absolute majority by fewer than four thousand votes" (page 8).

Stokes 1950: The parties do not agree on the actual results (page 247). Gives votes for top three candidates as claimed by the National Party and as claimed by the government. Both show Carías first, Bonilla second, and Arias third. Gives total votes cast, amount needed for an absolute majority, and amounts by which the candidates failed to reach this number. "As no candidate had received an absolute majority, it was the duty of Congress to make a selection from among the three. Congress, however, did not meet until January 1, 1924" (page 247).

1924

Becerra 1994: "La [constitución] de 1924...introduce tres cambios muy importantes para el desarrollo electoral de Honduras: les prohíbe a los militares hacer uso del 'voto activo,' o sea ser electores, pero les reconoce el 'voto pasivo,' es decir, que puedan ser electos para los cargos públicos...El segundo cambio importante consiste en que, por primera vez, se introduce el 'voto secreto,' poniéndosele fin al 'público' que venía empleándose desde los tiempos de la Federación Centroamericana. Por último, el tercer cambio notable es que, también por primera vez, se reconoce el derecho de las minorías a estar proporcionalmente representadas" (volume 1 pages 339-340).

January 28: Congress declares president

Anderson 1988: Tiburcio Carías Andino is the National Party's candidate. "Although he won a plurality of the votes, the Liberal-dominated National Assembly deprived him of his victory" (page 129).

Bulmer-Thomas 1991: "Congress refused to endorse any of the candidates, the outgoing President López Gutiérrez declared himself dictator and civil war ensued" (page 194).

Posas 1983: Carías "resulta vencedor, aunque sin mayoría absoluta...El Parlamento no sanciona la selección del Presidente del país entre los contendores" (page 86).

Stokes 1950: "Congress was composed of eighteen 'aristas,' fifteen Nationalists, and nine 'policarpistas.' The balloting resulted in eighteen votes for Arias, fifteen for Carías, and nine for Bonilla" (page 248).

February-March: civil war

Bulmer-Thomas 1991: "This civil war, like its predecessors, might have been left to run its course if the U.S. administration had not recently persuaded all Central American countries to sign a new Treaty of Peace and Amity. U.S. prestige was, therefore, on the line, with the result that the marines entered Tegucigalpa in March 1924" (page 194).

Dunkerley 1988: "(F)or two months in the spring of 1924 scattered fighting took place, 400 US marines occupying Tegucigalpa" (page 67).

LaFeber 1993: "U.S. troops landed in 1924 to protect lives and property, and soon found themselves fighting against United Fruit's presidential nominee. When the conflict spread to areas where foreigners lived, the U.S. forces quickly smashed Carías's dreams of power" (page 64).

Posas 1983: "López Gutiérrez asume poderes dictatoriales a partir del 1o de febrero de 1924. Se inicia la guerra civil" (page 86).

August

Posas 1983: "López Gutiérrez enferma y muere el 10 de agosto de 1924. Le sustituye un Consejo de Ministros liderado por Angel Zúñiga Huete. La guerra civil continúa. El Departamento de Estado norteamericano, con el apoyo de los regímenes de Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua y Costa Rica, reunidos todos a bordo del crucero norteamericano 'Milwaukee,' estacionado en Amapala, negocian con los contendientes un arreglo político del cual resulta como presidente provisional del país el general Vicente Tosta" (pages 86-87).

December: Presidential election (Paz Barahona / PN)

Argueta 1989: Paz Barahona wins election with 72,021 votes (page 49).

Bardales B. 1980: "(E)l pueblo eligió al Dr. Paz Barahona, Presidente de la República; y al Dr. Quezada para la Vice-Presidencia. El Partido Liberal no postuló candidatos" (page 43).

Haggerty and Millet 1995: "The PNH nominated Miguel Paz Barahona...for president. The PLH, after some debate, refused to nominate a candidate, and on December 28 Paz Barahona won almost unanimous election" (page 27).

Krehm 1984: "After a destructive three-cornered civil war in 1924, the Nationalist Miguel Paz Barahona became president. (Footnote: This war prompted the U.S. minister in Tegucigalpa...to request intervention by the 'Banana Fleet,' as the U.S. naval squadron based in the Canal Zone was called. Two hundred Marines landed and remained in the capital for several weeks, without an invitation from any of the three conflicting factions.) In general, Cuyamel was backing the Liberals while United Fruit was betting on the Nationalist (Conservative) horse. President Paz Barahona, however, was estranged from the bulk of his party and soon found himself in Cuyamel's harness" (page 85).

Schooley 1987: Carías wins the elections but is denied the presidency by congress. "(H)e gathered his soldiers around him and by 1924 he held the capital...After negotiations...he agreed to the selection of his vice-presidential candidate, Miguel Paz Barahona, who was duly elected with the full support of Carías" (page 35).

Taplin 1972: Dr. Miguel Paz Barahona is elected December 28-30, 1924 (page 128).

1927

Nickson 1995: "An end to this rivalry [of foreign banana companies] in the late 1920s opened up the possibility of greater political stability, and the first municipal code was passed in 1927" (page 192).

1928

October 28: Presidential election (Mejía Colindres / PL)

Argueta 1989: "Los resultados oficiales fueron 62.319 para el Dr. Mejía Colindres y 47.745 para el General Carías. El Dr. Mejía Colindres había derrotado a su rival por más de 16.000 votos y había superado una mayoría absoluta por más de 7.000 votos" (page 56).

Bardales B. 1980: Describes the election and gives the number of votes for each candidate (pages 43-44).

Bulmer-Thomas 1991: "(T)he Liberal candidate, Dr Vicente Mejía Colindres, defeated Carías in the 1928 presidential elections and became the first incumbent in Honduran history to win the presidency in peaceful elections against an official candidate" (page 195).

Haggerty and Millet 1995: "The ruling PNH nominated General Carías while the PLH ... nominated Vicente Mejía Colindres. To the surprise of most observers, both the campaign and the election were conducted with a minimum of violence and intimidation. Mejía Colindres won a decisive victory--obtaining 62,000 votes to 47,000 for Carías" (page 27).

Krehm 1957: Describes the Cuyamel Fruit Company's involvement in the election (page 136) (also in Krehm 1984 page 86).

Krehm 1984: "Carías was soundly whipped at the polls, but Congress, not due to be renewed for another two years, remained under his control" (page 86).

Martz 1959: "Votes were retabulated, verifying Carías' defeat. The General sent personal representatives to meet Mejía Colindres; accepting the results, he promised to back the new government fully" (page 117).

Morris 1984: "In 1928, the Liberal party defeated Carías by twelve thousand votes" (page 8).

Stokes 1950: Gives votes for the top two candidates and amount by which the winning candidate exceeded an absolute majority (pages 251-252).

Schulz 1994: "Cuyamel threw its weight behind the Liberal Party in the 1928 election" (page 13).

1929

Bulmer-Thomas 1991: "The banana boom had pushed specialization to the point where bananas accounted for nearly 90 per cent of Honduran exports at the end of the 1920s" (page 196).

Haggerty and Millet 1995: "By 1930 Honduras had become the world's leading producer of [bananas], accounting for one-third of the world's supply...United Fruit had come increasingly to dominate the trade, and in 1929 it bought out the Cuyamel Fruit Company, one of its two principal remaining rivals. Because conflicts between these companies had frequently led to support for rival groups in Honduran politics, had produced a border controversy with Guatemala, and may have even contributed to revolutionary disturbances, this merger seemed to promise greater domestic tranquility" (page 28).

Schulz 1994: "Zemurray sold Cuyamel to the UFCO for three hundred thousand shares of stock, at an estimated value of about US$32 million...The shape of Honduran politics was transformed almost overnight. Previously the banana companies had often held each other in check in an uneasy balance of power that was reflected in the conflicts between Congress and the executive. Now, however, with the consolidation of the industry, the trend was toward centralized dictatorship and stability. No longer would the legislative and executive branches clash over the issue of company concessions" (page 13).

1930

October: Congressional elections

Argueta 1989: "En las elecciones celebradas en octubre de 1930 para la composición de la mitad de diputaciones en el Congreso se llegó a un virtual empate entre los dos partidos por lo que acordaron un pacto" (page 64).

Mariñas Otero 1990: "En 1930 hubo elecciones para el Congreso, en las que el Partido Nacional perdió la mayoría de que disfrutaba, por obtener ambos partidos igual número de diputados; sólo se evitó el conflicto armado por una solución de compromiso entre los dos bandos" (page 455).

Stokes 1950: Carías is elected as deputy from Tegucigalpa and selected president of Congress (page 253).

1931

Argueta 1989: "En las elecciones municipales de 1931 el Partido Nacional ganaba en 223 de las 267 municipalidades, incluyendo Tegucigalpa, Comayagua, San Pedro Sula, todos los puertos y las principales ciudades, excepto tres" (page 66). "(E)n las elecciones municipales de noviembre de 1931 el nacionalismo había triunfado en alrededor del 80% de las poblaciones lo que significa que, de conformidad con la Ley de Elecciones vigente, el control de la maquinaria electoral quedaba principalmente en manos de las municipalidades y fuera del control del Ejecutivo" (page 75).

1932

October 28: Presidential election (Carías / PN)

Argueta 1989: "El resultado electoral fue decisivo a favor del nacionalismo. Carías obtenía 80.512 votos en tanto Zúñiga Huete 61.047, para un total de 141.000 en cifras redondas, el más grande emitido en la historia de Honduras" (page 73).

Bardales B. 1980: Describes the election and states that PN won fourteen departments and PL three (pages 44-46).

Haggerty and Millet 1995: Mejía Colindres...resisted pressure from his own party to manipulate the results to favor the PLH candidate, Ángel Zúñiga Huete. As a result, the PNH candidate, Carías, won the election by a margin of some 20,000 votes" (page 28).

Krehm 1957: The president and the Cuyamel Fruit Company combine their efforts in the election (page 138). Although the presidential term is four years without reelection, through a number of constitutional changes Carías is able to stay in power until 1949 (page 142).

Morris 1984: "With the October 1932 elections, Carías finally won the needed majority by a convincing twenty thousand votes over the Liberal party" (page 8).

Leonard 1998: "Carías was firmly entrenched, with a military that served his purpose...Carías successfully weathered the storm to the satisfaction of the elites and foreign investors, particularly the United and Standard Fruit Companies" (page 96).

Morris 1984a: "Finally, an experienced, strong-willed caudillo emerged to lead the National Party into power through fair elections in 1932. In the next two decades under General Tiburcio Carías Andino, the PNH became a highly disciplined, well-integrated political organization" (page 197).

Posas 1983: "En las elecciones presidenciales de octubre de 1932 que enfrentan a Angel Zúñiga Huete, líder máximo del Partido Liberal, de 'dudosas' posiciones antiimperialistas, y el General Tiburcio Carías, caudillo máximo del Partido Nacional, de probada lealtad hacia la United Fruit Company, triunfa este último. El resultado electoral no fue consensualmente aceptado. Surge la guerra civil" (pages 194-105).

Schulz 1994: "After 1932, there were no more congressional elections. The legislative and judicial branches became mere instruments of the dictatorship. Martial law became a way of life" (page 17).

Stokes 1950: Gives votes for top two candidates and departments won by Carías (page 255).

Wright 1960: "(A) dictator emerged in the 1930's as the chief legatee of the United State's free election policy. He held power for sixteen years by repeatedly prolonging his term of office. He was none other than General Carías Andino, the candidate of 1923 and the leader of the revolution of 1924 whose slogan was 'free elections'" (page 222).

1933

Arancibia Córdova 1990: "La dictadura del general Tiburcio Carias Andino (1933-49) puso fin a las guerras civiles entre las clases dominantes" (page 113).

Argueta 1989: "En las municipales del 26 de noviembre de 1933 los nacionalistas habían ganado dos tercios de las alcaldías, incluyendo Tegucigalpa, en tanto los liberales habían triunfado en San Pedro Sula, El Progreso, Tela, La Ceiba, Comayagua y Comayagüela, lo que se interpretaba en el sentido que el gobierno había perdido entre 20 a 30 % del electorado" (page 95). Gives the number of votes and percent of vote for PN, PL, and other parties, and the number of municipalities won by PN, PL, and other parties (page 96). "El Gobierno comprendió que de continuar realizando elecciones locales en las que hubiera espacio para que la oposición fuera tomando ventaja de la gradual erosión del régimen y capitalizando apoyo hacia su causa partidista, la estabilidad misma podría entrar en peligro. Fue por eso que las consultas populares posteriores fueron cada vez más fraudulentas" (page 97).

Leonard 1998: "The Honduran dictatorship of Tiburcio Carías dated to 1933, and during his tenure political opponents were incarcerated or exiled" (page 96).

Posas 1983: Civil war continues until Carías assumes power on February 1, 1933 (page 106).

Schulz 1994: "It was in this era that the UFCO reached the apex of its power. As early as 1933, a U.S. diplomat could observe that there was not an important government functionary in its north-coast zone who was not under obligation to the company...The minister of war, the president of Congress, and the head of the Supreme Court were all UFCO lawyers" (page 17).

1934

Argueta 1989: Congressional elections in 1934 give PN 55 seats and PL 4 seats (page 95).

1935

Municipal elections

Argueta 1989: Municipal elections are held in November (pages 94).

1936

Constituent assembly election and new constitution

Argueta 1989: "Los resultados de tal elección diputadil eran: Partido Nacional: 132.948 votos, Partido Liberal: 46" (page 94).

Becerra 1994: Gives details of the portions of the 1936 constitution relating to elections (volume 1 page 340). "Esta ley estuvo vigente hasta el 6 de diciembre de 1954 y fue objeto de numerosas reformas, entre ellas las que permitieron la dictadura de Tiburcio Carías Andino."

Bulmer-Thomas 1991: "New presidental elections were due in October 1936, but shortly before that date Congress converted itself into a constituent assembly, extended the presidential term from four to six years and confirmed Carías in office until the end of 1942" (page 198).

Krehm 1984: "Carías had been elected in 1932 for a four-year term under a constitution that barred reelection. In 1936, however, his Congress extended the presidential period to six years and gave him another term ending 1943" (page 89).

Parker 1981: "(A) new constitution in March 1936...extended the presidential term to six years and that of Carías to 1 January 1943" (page 188).

Schooley 1987: "A constituent assembly was elected in January 1936 and a new constitution promulgated in March, which included provisions for the president and vice-president to stay in office until January 1943; it also made voting compulsory for all adult males, while women were still denied citizenship"(page 35).

Stokes 1950: "The national Congress decreed that a Constituent Assembly be elected in January, 1936. The Assembly...drafted a constitution...which allowed the president and vice-president to continue in power until January 1, 1943" (page 57).

November: municipal elections

Argueta 1989: "En las elecciones municipales celebradas el 29 de noviembre de 1936, los resultados fueron: candidatos cariístas: 105.440, callejistas: 7.509, liberales: 2.188 votos" (page 101).

1939

Krehm 1984: "In 1939, by the simple device of 'amending' the figure three to a nine, Congress gave [Carías] a further lease on the Presidential Palace until 1949. Never before in Honduran history had a president helped himself to a second term and survived to the end of it" (page 89).

Nickson 1995: "In 1939 local government autonomy was suppressed following the division of the country into thirty-one districts, administered by councils whose members were appointed by the president and supervised by the Ministry of the Interior" (page 192).

Parker 1981: "Congress amended the constitution in 1939 to extend the [extension of Carías' presidential term] to 1 January 1949" (page 188).

Stokes 1950: "(O)n December 12, 1939, a group of five deputies presented a proposal to Congress suggesting...the president and vice-president ..remain in power until January 1, 1949...(T)his proposal was unanimously adopted" (page 57).

1940

Martz 1959: In 1940, Carías "further centralized municipal government by a reorganization plan substituting nationally appointed officers for local representatives. Responsible only to the executive, these men were imposed on communities by federal rule regardless of the appointee's brilliance or sheer incompetence. This measure simply strengthened the established custom of local subservience to central control" (page 122).

1944

Dunkerley 1988: "(T)he radical 'Partido Democrático Revolucionario Hondureño (PDRH), [is] founded in 1944 under Guatemalan influence and with Communist affinities" (page 529).

May

Krehm 1984: "On May 27, 1944, the incredible happened. Three hundred women gathered before the cathedral and, flanking an anti-Carías placard with United States and Honduran flags, marched through the streets of the capital" (pages 97-98).

June

Krehm 1984: "San Pedro's oppositionists obtained permission for a peaceful demonstration on July 6 [1944]...Again the procession consisted largely of women" (page 99). As they disbanded at the end of the march, they were fired on by troops who killed or mortally wounded more than one hundred. "Now it was war without quarter between the dictator and the people."

Weaver 1994: In 1944, "Honduran women organized a multicity protest against political jailings by the Tiburcio Carías regime, and the one in Pedro de Sula was met by police gunfire that killed 100 protestors. Unlike the situations in El Salvador and Guatemala in 1944, the killings did not spur public protest against the government but probably contributed to Carías's decision not to stand for reelection yet again" (page 144).

1947

Rojas Bolaños 1994: "(D)esde 1945 Carías dio muestras de que no estaba interesado en permanecer en el poder más allá del último día de diciembre de 1948, cuando vencía el mandato 'constitucional' otorgado en 1939. En 1947, cuando el retiro de Carías dejó de ser una especulación, dentro del Partido Nacional se entabló una lucha por la sucesión presidencial" (page 108).