1989

March 19: Presidential election (Cristiani / ARENA)

Acevedo 1991: "The FDR-FMLN refused to participate in elections until the March 1989 presidential contest" (page 31). The FDR decided to participate and the FMLN asked for the election to be postponed: this proposal was rejected and the FMLN responded with a boycott (page 32). Gives turnout, valid votes, and votes for ARENA, PDC, PCN, and the Democratic Convergence (page 33). "Of the total 2.3 million eligible voters, 22 per cent voted for Cristiani."

Arriaza Meléndez 1989: "Elecciones de presidente y vice-presidente, 19 de marzo de 1989" (page 50). Gives by department the votes for each party, the valid and null votes, the abstentions, contested votes, and total votes cast.

Benítez Manaut 1990: "Resultados elecciones para presidente y vicepresidente, 19 de marzo de 1989" (page 88). Gives total vote and percent of vote for each party; numbers of votes that were valid, null, contested; number of abstentions; and total votes cast.

Central America report March 31, 1989: "This month’s national elections in El Salvador took place in an atmosphere of violence and uncertainty. Guerrilla sabotage actions and a four-day transport blockade paralyzed much of the country on election day. The national elections commission suspended voting in 22 municipalities under guerrilla control, and rebel forces launched attacks in 20 towns...Although an ARENA win was virtually certain, the party scored even higher than observers had predicted, securing a clear 53.8% majority and avoiding a second round of voting...The Christian Democrats say they lost because of the guerrilla boycott...This position was echoed by Guillermo Ungo, from the leftist Democratic Convergence, who labeled the FMLN’s stance a "tactical error"" (page 89).

Close 1991: "1989 Presidential election, El Salvador" (page 62). Gives the number and percent of votes won by each party, spoiled and blank ballots, and turnout.

Córdova Macías 1989: "Resultados elecciones de presidente y vicepresidente 19 de marzo de 1989" (page 88). Gives for each department the number of municipalities, votes for each party, total valid votes, contested votes, null votes, abstentions, and total votes. "Porcentaje de la votación, por partido" (page 89). Gives percent of total country vote won by each party. "Porcentaje de votos válidos en algunos departamentos" (page 96). Gives by department the percent of country’s total valid votes cast.

Country report. Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras 1989. 2: "(D)isruptions to the country’s transport system by the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN) guerrilla group’s call for an election boycott, widespread military activity by both the guerrillas and the armed forces and the fact that only 1.4 mn of the 1.9 mn registered voters were issued with voting cards meant that the turnout was only around 55-65 per cent in the cities and a mere 30-50 per cent in the countryside" (page 14).

Country report. Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras 1989. 3: Gives number and percent of valid votes received by each presidential candidate (pages 13-14).

Eguizábal 1992: Gives registered voters, number who voted, and votes for each candidate (page 148).

Eguizábal 1992a: Gives registered voters, number who voted, and votes for each candidate (page 58).

El Salvador elecciones 1995: Gives votes for ARENA, PDC, PCN, CD, MAC, AC, UP, and PAR (page 102).

Gordon 1990: "Resultados de las elecciones de 1989" (page 326). Gives by department the votes won by ARENA, PDC, PCN, CD, and "otros," total votes for each party, valid votes by department, and total valid votes.

Haggerty 1990: Gives percent of vote for ARENA, PDC, and CD (pages xxiii-xxiv).

Keesing’s record of world events March 1989: Describes the election and gives the percent of the vote won by each presidential candidate as reported in the official results (page 36520).

Lungo Uclés 1996: "Political survival for the Left required adapting to electoral participation, a process already initiated by Guillermo Ungo, Rubén Zamora, and others from the FDR by standing for election in 1989" (page 26). "Ungo and Zamora ran as candidates for president and vice-president for the Convergencia Democrática in 1989" (page 39). Gives percent of the vote they received.

Montes 1989: "Resultados oficiales de las elecciones de 1989" (page 206). Gives by department the votes for PDC, ARENA, PCN, CD, and "otros," valid votes, invalid votes and the percent they constitute of total votes cast, total votes, and percent of country vote in each department.

Montgomery 1995: Gives percent of vote for each party and their candidate (page 214).

Resultados oficiales de las elecciones 1989: "Consejo Central de Elecciones de El Salvador. Resultados elecciones de presidente y vicepresidente, 19 de marzo, 1989" (page 271). Gives by department the number of municipalities, votes for eight parties, valid votes, contested votes, null votes, abstentions, and total votes.

Smythe 1989: Cristiani won nearly 54 percent (500,000 votes) of the vote in the first round, making a second round unnecessary. "But his election should be seen as less of a victory for ARENA than a defeat for the Christian Democrats...The party won the support of only 16.3 percent of the country’s 3.1 million eligible voters, or 23 percent of those actually registered" (pages B241-B242).

Villaveces de Ordoñez 1989: "Resultados electorales oficiales" (page 7). Gives total votes, valid votes, null votes, blank votes, and contested votes. Chart (page 8) gives number and percent of abstentions; blank, null, and contested votes; and valid votes. "Totales nacionales por partido" (page 8). Gives by party the percent and number of votes.

June 1: Cristiani takes office and proposes further dialogue with the FMLN

July

Dunkerley 1994: On July 21 "US House of Representatives approves $433 million economic and $58 million military aid" (page 115).

November

Dunkerley 1994: On November 11 "FMLN launches largest offensive since 1981 in San Salvador, occupying thirty ‘barrios’ and attacking presidential palace and residence" (page 117).

November 16: Six Jesuit priests (including Ignacio Ellacuría and Segundo Montes), their housekeeper, and her daughter are assassinated by soldiers from the Atlacatl Batallion

1990

February

Dunkerley 1994: On February 23 Napoleon Duarte dies of cancer (page 119).

April

Central America report December 18, 1992: On April 4 "Under the auspices of the UN in Geneva, the government and the FMLN agree to reopen the dialogue" (page 378).

Dunkerley 1994: On April 26 "US House Foreign Relations Committee votes 50 per cent cut in military aid, to be restored only if FMLN fails to negotiate" (page 120).

July

Central America report December 18, 1992: On July 26 "Government and FMLN reach a human rights accord in Costa Rica" (page 378).

1991

January: Electoral Code reforms

Eguizábal 1992a: Creates 20 congressional seats elected at the national level and increases total seats in congress from 60 to 84 (page 61).

March

Dunkerley 1994: On March 1 Guillermo Ungo dies in Mexican hospital (page 124).

March 10: Congressional, municipal, and Central American Parliament election

Acevedo 1991a: "La diferencia fundamental estriba en que, por vez primera en más de una década de guerra, las elecciones se realizarán, no sólo en un contexto de negociación, sino como un instrumento para la negociación" (page 71).

Acevedo 1991b: "Distribución de diputados en las elecciones legislativas del 10 de marzo de 1991" (page 158). Gives by department the seats won by each party, gives by party the national level seats won, and totals seats won by each party.

Central America report March 15, 1991: Gives first tentative official figures, including absenteeism rate, and percent of vote for PDC, PCN, CD, ARENA, and UDN (page 78).

Central America report March 22, 1991: "While the official count is still pending in the March 10 municipal and congressional elections, reports from the foreign press continue to confirm fraud and intimidation charges...[Reports include accounts that] ARENA, which controls the CCE, selectively delayed the necessary identification cards for voters in the rebel-controlled zones" (page 82). Gives predictions by "reliable sources" on seats won by each party.

Central America report April 5, 1991: "El Salvador: final results of the March 10, 1991 congressional elections" (page 93). Gives number and percent of total votes for each party, seats won, and total number of null and contested votes and abstentions.

Córdova Macías 1998: "Distribution of seats by party in the 1991 elections, controlling by means of selection" (page 147). Gives by department the number of seats for each party won either by quota or remainder.

Country profile. Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras 1991-92: "In March 1991 legislative elections were held in which Arena lost its majority. The ruling party remained the largest political force with 39 seats and with the PCN’s nine it can still control Congress. Nevertheless, the elections represented a significant breakthrough because the far left, represented by Convergencia Democrática (CD), participated in the elections, capturing eight seats. The PDC continued as the second largest party with 26 seats" (page 35).

Country report. Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras 1991. 2: "National Assembly election results" (page 27). Gives percent of the vote won by seven parties, the number of seats each won at the departmental level, and the number of seats each won at the national level. "Only 52 per cent of the electorate participated in the election and 9 per cent of the vote consisted of abstentions, annulled or contested votes" (page 27).

Eguizábal 1991: Gives percent of vote and seats won by major parties (page 23). Gives numbers of municipalities and Central American Parliament seats won by the major parties (pages 23-24).

Eguizábal 1992a: Gives percent of vote and seats won by major parties (page 61).

El Salvador elecciones 1995: Gives percent of vote and seats won by ARENA and seats won by PDC, PCN, CD, UDN, and MAC (page 104). "A pesar de su triunfo, ARENA no logró la mayoria absoluta en el Congreso Legislativo de 84 escaños y bajó su porcentaje de votación en relación a las elecciones presidenciales del 1989, que había sido del 53%." Gives municipalities won by ARENA.

El Salvador: elections 1994: Rubén Zamora elected to the Assembly (page 18).

Las elecciones del 10 de marzo 1991: "El 10 de marzo se eligirá un total de 84 diputados, 20 elegidos por circunscripción nacional y 64 elegidos por circunscripción departamental, todos por el sistema del cociente electoral...(S)e elegirán también, por circunscripción nacional, 20 diputados al Parlamento Centroamericano" (page 226). Gives number of registered voters as of February 7, 1991 in each department (page 228). "Consejo Central de Elecciones. Escrutinio final por departamento. Elecciones para diputados del 10 de marzo de 1991" (page 234). Gives for each department the number and percent of votes received by each party and total valid votes. "Consejo Central de Elecciones. Escrutinio final de la votación para concejos municipales por departamento y municipio. Elección del 10 de marzo de 1991" (pages 235-248). Gives for each municipality in each department the number of votes for each party and the total valid votes.

Keesing’s record of world events March 1991: "Elections took place on March 10 to an enlarged 84-seat Legislative Assembly, and to seats on 262 local councils" (page 38093). Gives official results.

Lazo 1993: Gives percent of vote and number of seats won by ARENA, PDC, and PCN in the eight departments with three delegates to congress (page 16-18). "Escrutinio final por departamento elecciones para diputados del 10 de marzo de 1991" (page 23). Gives total votes and percent of votes by department for seven parties. "Cocientes y residuos por partido y circunscripción (elecciones de 1991)" (page 24). Arranged by department. "Distribución de diputados por partido (cocientes y residuos) (elecciones de 1991)" (page 25). Arranged by department. "Votos residuales en las elecciones de 1991" (page 26). Arranged by department.

Lungo Uclés 1996: Gives percent of the vote and seats won by the CD (page 29).

Montgomery 1995: Gives percent of vote and Assembly seats won by major parties. Gives mayoralties won by ARENA, PDC, and PCN (page 223).

Stahler-Sholk 1994: "When the CD again took part in the elections (for the legislature) of 1991, with the peace talks already underway, it won 12% of the vote and 8 (out of 84) seats in the Legislative Assembly, where Rubén Zamora gained increased visibility as its vice-president" (page 26).

Step 1991: "New distribution of legislative assembly seats" (page 20). Gives seats to be elected for each of the fourteen departments, indicating how many are new additions, and including the new national level seats to be elected in 1991.

Vickers 1992: "The March 10, 1991, Legislative Assembly elections brought increased voter turnout for the first time since 1982; it was up 15 percent from the preceding election" (page 26). Gives total number of votes cast (page 50 note 7), votes for ARENA and all rightest parties (page 50 note 9), and votes for PDC and all centrist parties (page 51 note 51).

Zamora 1997: "The political left participated in elections, winning 12 percent in 1991, up from 3 percent in 1989. For the first time in sixty years, there was a parliament in which no political force had a majority and in which the left sat with its own legislative faction" (page 175).

April

Córdova Macías 1994a: "...las reformas constitucionales aprobadas en el marco de las negociaciones de paz, introdujeron importantes modificaciones en cuanto a la composición y funciones de la instancia electoral. Se creó un nuevo Tribunal Supremo Electoral (TSE), en sustitución del Consejo Central de Elecciones. El TSE ha pasado a ser la más alta autoridad administrativa y jurisdiccional en lo electoral. Se ha buscado --en el diseño original--que en su composición no predomine en él ningún partido o coalición" (page 20-21).

Lazo 1992: Constitutional reform creates the TSE and gives congress responsibility for electing the members (page 17).

Ulloa 1994: Discusses changes in electoral system "con las reformas constitucionales de 1991, dentro de las cuales se creó el Tribunal Supremo Electoral, se garantizó el derecho de la vigilancia permanente de los partidos políticos durante ‘todo el proceso electoral’...así como la inscripción ciudadana en el Registro Electoral, el cual sería organizado y actualizado con la vigilancia de los partidos políticos" (page 149).

May

Dunkerley 1994: On May 1 "CD leader Rubén Zamora elected vice-president of National Assembly after nomination by Roberto D’Aubuissón" (page 125).

September- December

Central America report December 18, 1992: On September 25, "Government and FMLN reach accords on military and police issues" (page 378). On December 31, "Government and FMLN reach a last-minute accord to end the war" (page 378).